Procedures to counter coronary artery disease

An example of a drug-eluting stent. This is the TAXUS Express² Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stent System, which releases paclitaxel.

Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) 

Grafting an artery or vein from elsewhere (typically the leg) to bypass a stenotic coronary artery.

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) 

Pneumatically assisting the heart move blood through cuffs on the legs.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) 

Procedures to treat stenotic coronary arteries by accessing through a blood vessel.

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) 

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly expanding it with a balloon.

Atherectomy

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by removal of atherosclerotic plaque.

Stenting 

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly expanding it with a metal wire tube.

Devices used in cardiology

A stethoscope.

Stethoscope

Acoustic device for hearing internal sounds including heart sounds.

Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm

Pacemaker

An implanted electrical device that replaces the heart's natural pacemaker.

Defibrillator

Electrical devices to alter the heart's rhythm with electrical energy.

Automated external defibrillator (AED) 

An external defibrillator that is commonly found outside of health care settings. Often designed for anyone to use.

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) 

An implanted device to prevent life-threatening conditions (e.g., ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation).

Devices used to maintain blood pressure

Artificial heart

An internal pump that wholly replaces the pumping action of the heart.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) / heart-lung machine 

External pump to take over the function of both the heart and lungs.

Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) 

A balloon placed in the thoracic aorta to supplement cardiac output from the heart.

Ventricular assist device

Internal pump to supplement or replace the pumping action of a ventricle.

Diagnostic tests and procedures

Cardiologists use diagrams like this: a heart with an ECG indicator

Various cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures.

Blood tests

Echocardiography ("echo") 

Ultrasonography of the heart to inspect chambers, valves, and blood flow.

Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) 

Echocardiogram of the heart through the thorax external to the body.

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) 

Echocardiogram of the heart through a catheter placed in the esophagus.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart that utilizes the ECG for gating and to look at specific mechanical functions of the heart.

Cardiac stress test

Testing of the cardiovascular system through controlled exercise or drugs.

Auscultation

Listening to sounds (e.g., heart sounds) with a stethoscope.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) 

Measurement of the electrical activity of the heart, typically with 4 or 10 electrodes on the skin.

Holter monitor

Portable ECG device for continuous monitoring.

Electrophysiology study

Studying the electrical activity of the heart through the use of catheters placed in the heart via veins or arteries.

Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure cuff used to measure arterial blood pressure.

Cardiac marker

Testing for biomarkers in the blood that may indicate various conditions.

Coronary catheterization

Catheterization of the coronary arteries.

Fractional flow reserve (FFRmyo) 

Testing of the flow through a stenosis of a coronary artery to determine the perfusion of the heart.

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) 

Ultrasonography of a coronary artery.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 

Testing through the use of optical scattering for coronary artery disease.

Diseases of blood vessels (vascular diseases) ,

The progression of atherosclerosis (size exaggerated).

Atherosclerosis

Thickening of an arterial wall due to increased cholesterol and macrophages

Aneurysm

Balloon-like bulging of the artery.

Aorta

Diseases of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta

Narrowing of the aorta at the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum.

Aortic dissection

Dissection along the length of the aorta between the layers of the aortic wall and filled with blood.

Aortic aneurysm

Aneurysm of the aorta.

Carotid artery

Diseases of the carotid arteries

Carotid artery stenosis / carotid artery disease 

Narrowing of the carotid artery, typically due to atherosclerosis.

Carotid artery dissection

Dissection along the length of the carotid artery between the layers of the carotid wall and filled with blood.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 

Formation of a thrombus in a deep vein, commonly in the legs.

Traveller's thrombosis / economy class syndrome 

A DVT due to being sedentary during air travel.

Varicose veins

Veins that have become enlarged and tortuous with failed valves, commonly in the legs.

Vasculitis

Inflammation of blood vessels.

cardiovascular system

Human cardiovascular system

Cross section of a human artery

The main components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.^[3] It includes: the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, which consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping.

Pulmonary circulation

Main article: Pulmonary circulation

The pulmonary circulatory system is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via thepulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava, enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO₂ is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Systemic circulation

Main article: Systemic circulation

Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

View from the front, which means the right side of the heart is on the left of the diagram (and vice-versa)

Coronary circulation

Main article: Coronary circulation

The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart. As it provides oxygenated blood to the heart, it is by definition a part of the systemic circulatory system.

Heart

Main article: Human heart

The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body.

Closed cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enters interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, is not closed.

Oxygen transportation

Main article: Blood#Oxygen transport

About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with haemoglobin molecules. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to haemoglobin. The haemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species.

An animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system. This animation occurs at real time (20 seconds of cycle) and shows the red blood cell deform as it enters capillaries, as well as changing color as it alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system.

Magnetic resonance angiography ofaberrant subclavian artery

Development

The development of the circulatory system initially occurs by the process of vasculogenesis. The human arterial and venous systems develop from different embryonic areas. While the arterial system develops mainly from the aortic arches, the venous system arises from three bilateral veins during weeks 4 - 8 of human development.

Arterial development

Main article: Aortic arches

The human arterial system originate from the aortic arches and from the dorsal aortae starting from week 4 of human development. Aortic arch 1 almost completely regresses except to form the maxillary arteries. Aortic arch 2 also completely regresses except to form the stapedial arteries. The definitive formation of the arterial system arise from aortic arches 3, 4 and 6. While aortic arch 5 completely regreses.

The dorsal aortae are initially bilateral and then fuse to form the definitive dorsal aorta. Approximately 30 posterolateral branches arise off the aorta and will form the intercostal arteries, upper and lower extremity arteries, lumbar arteries and the lateral sacral arteries. The lateral branches of the aorta form the definitive renal, suprarrenal and gonadal arteries. Finally, the ventral branches of the aorta consist of the vitelline arteries and umbilical arteries. The vitelline arteries form the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries of the gastrointestinal tract. After birth, the umbilical arteries will form the internal iliac arteries.

Venous development

The human venous system develops mainly from the vitelline veins, the umbilical veins and the cardinal veins, all of which empty into the sinus venosus.

Measurement techniques

• Electrocardiogram—for cardiac electrophysiology
• Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope—for blood pressure
• Pulse meter—for cardiac function (heart rate, rhythm, dropped beats)
• Pulse—commonly used to determine the heart rate in absence of certain cardiac pathologies
• Heart rate variability -- used to measure variations of time intervals between heart beats
• Nail bed blanching test—test for perfusion
• Vessel cannula or catheter pressure measurement—pulmonary wedge pressure or in older animal experiments.

PERMOHONAN KEMASUKAN KE UNIVERSITI SELANGOR (UNISEL) TELAH DIBUKA SEKARANG.

MENGAPA UNISEL MENJADI PILIHAN?

 Universiti milik penuh Negeri Selangor Berkebajikan untuk Malaysia

 Kemudahan infrastruktur terkini di Kampus Shah Alam dan kampus utama dengan keluasan 1,000 ekar di Bestari Jaya

 Persekitaran pembelajaran yang holistik

 Melahirkan tenaga profesional yang berakhlak dan bermoral tinggi

 Jumlah tenaga akademik bertaraf Profesor , Profesor Madya dan berkelulusan Ph.D tertinggi di IPTS

 Terbuka kepada pelajar pelbagai aliran termasuk pelajar kelulusan SPM(A) / STAM

 Yuran pendaftaran dan pengajian yang berpatutan

 Menyediakan biasiswa dan bantuan kewangan kepada yang layak

  

UNTUK DAPATKAN SURAT TAWARAN DAN PINJAMAN PTPTN SEGERA SILA HUBUNGI:

NAMA : AMIR

TEL :             017-6842 836      

Email: amirmaju@yahoo.com

Sila isi borang segera secara online di website 
http://apply.unisel.edu.my/
www.unisel.edu.my

Sesiapa yang sudah isi online dan dapat surat tawaran unisel diminta untuk mesej SMS NAMA PENUH, NOMBOR KAD PENGENALAN dan NAMA KURSUS yang diambil, sama ada diploma atau  sarjana muda atau tahun asas kepada AMIR, TEL :             017-6842 836       untuk rujukan seterusnya bagi memudahkan urusan pinjaman ptptn. Anda juga boleh menghubungi AMIR, TEL :             017-6842 836      .

Sebarang pertanyaan mengenai kemasukkan ke UNISEL bolehlah menghubungi MOHD AMIR,            017 6842 836       atau email ke amirmaju@yahoo.com untuk perbincangan selanjutnya.


Menarik di Universiti Selangor.


KAMPUS SHAH ALAM

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/biomedical360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/business02360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/masscomm360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/artdesign01360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/lecture_theatre360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/library360.html



KAMPUS BESTARI JAYA

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/engineering360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/imaclab360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/biotech360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/library360.html

http://unisel.edu.my/images/360/lecture_theatre360.html

UNISEL menawarkan lebih 80 program pengajian yang diiktiraf MQA di peringkat Pengajian Asas,

Diploma, Ijazah, Sarjana dan Doktor Falsafah (Ph.D) dalam bidang:

- Kejuruteraan - Perniagaan dan Perakaunan

- Sains dan Bioteknologi - Pendidikan TESL

- Sains Komputer dan Teknologi Maklumat - Komunikasi dan Media

- Asasi Sains, Perniagaan dan IT
- bioperubatan dan sains kesihatan
http://www.unisel.edu.my/admission/list-of-programmes.html

Permohonan secara online : www.unisel.edu.my

UNTUK DAPATKAN SURAT TAWARAN SEGERA SILA HUBUNGI:

NAMA : MOHD AMIR BIN ABDULLAH

TEL :             017-6842 836      

 Email: amirmaju@yahoo.com

us Bestari Jaya

Muat turun Buku Panduan Pendaftaran Pelajar Baru diwww.unisel.edu.my dan lengkapkan / sediakan keperluan pada hari pendaftaran (salinan sijil akademik dan borong siap diisi).